Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis and pyridine nucleotide cycle metabolism in microbial systems.

INTRODUCTION ...... ......... .......... .................. 83 BIOSYNTHESIS OF NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE 83 Anaerobic De Novo Pathways .. ...... .... .... ... 84 Dihydroxyacetone phosphate-aspartate pathway 84 Formate-aspartate pathway .............................................. 87 Aerobic Tryptophan Catabolic Pathway 87 Genetics of Anaerobic Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Biosynthesis .... 89 Regulation of De Novo Biosynthesis of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide 91 PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE CYCLE METABOLISM ...................... 93 Biochemistry .............................. 93 Pyridine Nucleotide Cycle Genetics 95 Regulation 96 Organisms of Special Interest 98 Haenwphilus ...................9.8...................... 98 Mycobacterium ................ .... 98 Clostridium butylicum ....................... 98 Azotobacter vinelandii ......... .................. ............ ......... 99 Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc 99 EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS 99 Evolution of Biosynthetic Pathways 99 Evolution of the Pyridine Nucleotide Cycle........ 100 SUMMARY.100 LITERATURE CITED ..... ............................ ... ... ... 102